Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral illness that affects cloven hoofed animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, deer and camelids. It poses a serious threat to farm animal health and agricultural operations across England, Scotland and Wales. Although it does not affect humans, preventing and controlling its spread is critical for livestock keepers.
Applies to England, Scotland and Wales
This guidance applies to all livestock owners and farmers in England, Scotland and Wales. For advice specific to Northern Ireland, visit the official government website.
Contents
- Signs of foot and mouth disease
- Report foot and mouth disease
- How foot and mouth disease is spread
- Preventing and controlling foot and mouth disease
- Disease prevention for livestock and poultry keepers
- FAQ about foot and mouth on farms
Signs of Foot and Mouth Disease
In Cattle
Cattle infected with FMD may show the following signs:
- Sores and blisters on feet, mouth and tongue
- Fever, drooling, lip smacking
- Lameness, shivering
- Reluctance to feed and reduced milk production
In Sheep
Sheep usually do not develop mouth blisters, but lameness is a key symptom:
- Sudden, severe lameness spreading quickly
- Aborted or stillborn lambs
- Reluctance to move or suckle
- Occasional blisters on hooves
In Pigs
FMD in pigs often causes:
- Sudden lameness and loud squealing due to pain
- Reluctance to eat or move
- Possible blisters on hooves, snout or tongue
In Other Animals
Other cloven hoofed animals, such as goats and deer, may show signs similar to cattle, pigs and sheep.
Photos of Clinical Signs
Visit the Defra Flickr page for images of visible FMD symptoms in animals.
Posters to Raise Awareness
Educational posters showing FMD symptoms and how to report them are available from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra).
Report Foot and Mouth Disease
If you suspect FMD, report it immediately. It is a legal requirement to do so.
- England: Call 03000 200 301
- Wales: Call 0300 303 8268
- Scotland: Contact your local Field Services Office
The Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) will investigate and treat the case as suspected FMD until laboratory confirmation.
How Foot and Mouth Disease Is Spread
FMD is highly contagious and can be transmitted through:
- Direct animal to animal contact
- Contaminated equipment, vehicles, people or clothing
- Saliva, urine, dung, milk and exhaled air of infected animals, even before symptoms appear
Preventing and Controlling Foot and Mouth Disease
Preventive measures include:
- Maintaining high biosecurity and hygiene standards
- Keeping accurate animal identification and movement records
- Isolating new or returning livestock
- Cleaning and disinfecting all shared equipment
For full details, refer to the government’s Foot and Mouth Disease Control Strategy for Great Britain and relevant legislation including the 2006 Orders and Regulations.
Disease Prevention for Livestock and Poultry Keepers
Biosecurity Measures
- Limit farm visitors and monitor movement of animals
- Keep areas clean, use disinfectants and secure water sources
- Introduce a pest control programme
Staff and Visitors
- Train staff in hygiene protocols
- Provide clean boots and protective clothing
- Discourage visitors from touching animals
Buildings, Equipment and Vehicles
- Clean and disinfect all shared or hired machinery
- Dispose of used bedding and contaminated items properly
Buying New Stock or Returning Stock
- Keep new or returning stock in isolation for a set period
- Use separate tools and staff for isolated animals
Feed and Water
- Use clean, covered feed storage
- Prevent animals from drinking contaminated water
Slurry Management
- Spread slurry on arable land whenever possible
- Clean slurry equipment before and after use
FAQ About Foot and Mouth on Farms
What is foot and mouth disease?
Foot and mouth disease is a contagious viral disease that affects cloven hoofed animals. It causes blisters, fever, lameness and can lead to significant losses on farms.
Can humans get foot and mouth disease?
No, foot and mouth disease does not affect humans, but humans can spread the virus through contaminated clothing or equipment.
How do you prevent foot and mouth disease in cattle?
- Isolate new animals before introducing them to the herd
- Keep the environment clean and disinfected
- Follow identification and movement regulations
How do you prevent foot and mouth disease in sheep?
- Monitor for signs of lameness or illness
- Clean shared equipment regularly
- Avoid direct contact with neighbouring livestock
What is the role of Dalton Supplies in prevention?
Dalton Supplies offers a range of biosecurity products such as disinfectants, protective clothing and equipment for maintaining clean and safe farming environments. These tools can help limit the spread of FMD on your farm.
What should I do if I suspect an outbreak?
Contact the APHA or the relevant local authority immediately. Reporting is legally required and early detection helps prevent further spread.
Final Thoughts
Foot and mouth disease is a serious risk to farms, but with proper awareness, hygiene and quick reporting, it can be effectively managed and prevented. Stay informed and always follow official guidance from Defra and APHA to protect your animals and your livelihood.